Supernovae generate carbon atoms faster than scientists thought

One of the most abundant elements on Earth, carbon, is created in the triple helium fusion reaction.

during supernova explosions. The nucleus of a helium atom, consisting of two protons and two neutrons, combines together to create carbon with six protons, six neutrons and six electrons.

However, this fusion reaction is quiteineffective if something does not help her. Using simulations, the scientists found that an excess of protons in the inner layers of a supernova could accelerate fusion reactions with a triple helium fusion reaction, generating 10 times more carbon atoms than expected.

Such a discovery could explain additionalcarbon in the Universe, however, creates another mystery. Scientists previously believed that these excess protons were responsible for creating some of the heavier isotopes of ruthenium and molybdenum found on Earth. 

It appears that these isotopes may be formed in other ways, but researchers are not yet sure how. 

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