Modern artificial intelligence
There are two directions for the development of AI:
- problem solving,
related to the approximation of specialized AI systems to human capabilities, and their integration, which is realized by human nature.
- creation of artificial intelligence, representing the integration of already created AI systems into a single system capable of solving the problems of humanity.
But at the moment in the field of artificialintelligence, there is an involvement of many subject areas, which are more of a practical relation to AI, rather than fundamental. Many approaches have been tried, but not a single research group has yet approached the emergence of artificial intelligence. Below are just some of the most famous developments in the field of AI.
Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Algorithmic trading
Algorithmic trading involves the use of sophisticated artificial intelligence systems to make trading decisions at a speed that exceeds the speed of the human body.
This allows you to make millions of trades per day without any human intervention. Automated trading systems are commonly used by large institutional investors.
- Market research and data mining
Several large financial institutions have investedfunds into the development of AI to use it in their investment practices. Developments BlackRock’ AI, Aladdin, is used both within the company and for the company's clients, assisting in making investment decisions.
A wide range of functionality of thissystems include natural language processing for reading text such as news, broker reports and social media feeds. The system then evaluates the sentiment in the mentioned companies and assigns a rating to them.
Banks such as UBS and Deutsche Bank usean AI system called Sqreem (Sequential Quantum Reduction and Extraction Model), which can process data to develop consumer profiles and match them with the products they are most likely to want.
Goldman Sachs uses Kensho, a platformmarket analytics that combines statistical computing with big data and natural language processing. Its machine learning systems use internet data and estimate correlations between world events and their impact on financial asset prices.
The information extracted by the AI system from the live news feed is used in making investment decisions.
- Personal finance management
There are products that use AI tohelping people manage their personal finances. For example, Digit is an AI-powered app that automatically helps consumers optimize their spending and savings based on their personal habits and goals.
The app can analyze factors such as monthly income, current balance and spending habits, then make its own decisions and transfer money to a separate savings account.
Wallet.AI, a San Francisco-based start-up, is creating agents that analyze the data a consumer generates when interacting with smartphones and social media to inform the consumer about their spending.
- Financial portfolio management
Automated assistant advisors are becomingincreasingly used in the investment management industry. Automated systems provide financial advice and guidance in managing a financial portfolio with minimal human intervention.
This class of financial advisors works forbased on algorithms designed to automatically develop a financial portfolio in accordance with investment goals and risk appetite of clients. He can adjust real-time changes in the market and calibrate the portfolio according to the client's wishes.
- Underwriting
Online lender Upstart analyzes hugeamount of consumer data and uses machine learning algorithms to build credit risk models that predict the likelihood of default.
Their technology will be licensed to banks so they can use it to evaluate their processes.
- Warfare
The use of AI is an important trend in the creation of advanced battlefield and weapons control systems.
With the help of AI, it is possible to provide optimal andthreat-adaptive selection of a combination of sensors and weapons, coordinate their joint functioning, detect and identify threats, and assess the enemy’s intentions.
AI plays a significant role in the implementation oftactical augmented reality systems. For example, AI makes it possible to provide classification and semantic segmentation of images, localization and identification of mobile objects for effective target designation.
- Special services
British intelligence services will fightRussian fake news using artificial intelligence that will recognize the activity of the "troll factory". According to the UK Government Communications Center, artificial intelligence will fight fakes by checking data with reliable sources, detecting image and video manipulation and blocking suspicious bots.
- Heavy industry
Robots have become ubiquitous in many industriesindustry and are often engaged in work that is considered hazardous to humans. Robots have proven effective in workplaces involving repetitive, routine tasks that can lead to errors or accidents due to decreased concentration over time.
Robots are also widely used in jobs that people might find humiliating.
In 2014, China, Japan, the United States,The Republic of Korea and Germany together accounted for 70% of global robot sales. In the automotive industry, a sector with a particularly high degree of automation, Japan had the highest density of industrial robots in the world: 1,414 robots per 10,000 employees.
- The medicine
Artificial neural networks, such as Concept Processing technology in EMR software, are used as clinical decision systems for medical diagnostics.
Other medical tasks that could potentially be performed by artificial intelligence and are beginning to be developed include:
- Computer interpretation of medicalimages. Such systems help scan digital images, for example from computed tomography, for typical manifestations and to highlight noticeable abnormalities such as possible diseases. A typical application is tumor detection.
- Heart rate analysis
- Project Watson is another use of AI in this area, a question / answer program designed to help oncologists
- Assistant robots for elderly care
- Processing medical records to provide more useful information
- Creation of treatment plans
- Identifying an increased risk of disease
- Assistance with repetitive tasks, including medication management
- Providing advice
- Drug creation
- Using humanoid dummies instead of patients for clinical education
- Music
Although the evolution of music has always been affected by technology, artificial intelligence has made it possible, through scientific advances, to emulate, to some extent, a human-like composition.
Among notable early efforts, David Cope createdAI named Emily Howell, who managed to become famous in the field of Algorithmic Computer Music. The algorithm behind Emily Howell is registered as a US patent.
Other developments such as AIVA (ArtificialIntelligence Virtual Artist) focus on composing symphonies, mainly classical music for films. This development rose to prominence as the first virtual composer to be recognized by the music professional association.
Artificial Intelligences can even create music suitable for use in medical settings, Melomics uses computer music to relieve stress and pain.
China overtook the United States in scientific publications on artificial intelligence
China has the largest number of articles on AI in scientific journals, accounting for 22% of all publications per year in the world. Next comes the EU - 16.4%, and the third place is taken by the United States - 14.6%.
In terms of the number of AI patents, the United States is the leading power. However, the second and third places in this ranking according to the data for 2014 belong to South Korea and Japan.
AI is not only being developed in America,Europe and Asia. One of the largest events in the field of machine learning - the Deep Learning Indaba conference - was held in South Africa, where more than 500 developers from dozens of African countries came.
But, as Stanford experts note, the United Statescontinue to lead in the volume of research produced jointly by scientific institutions and technology companies, and, accordingly, in translating ideas into reality.
As a result, the United States and China made approximately the same contribution to the development of artificial intelligence, if analyzed according to different parameters, said Jack Clark, co-chairman of the AI Index.
Investment in the AI industry has grown by 40%.
The number of AI-related articles on arXiv (the largest free archive of publications of scientific articles and their preprints) has grown from about 5.5 thousand.
In 2015, up to almost 35 thousand in 2020.Scientific organizations all over the world are the first in terms of the total number of articles. In the second place in the United States is research carried out by commercial companies, and in Europe and China - research commissioned by the state.
The rapid development of the industry is not only talked aboutdata on the number of startups, articles and vacancies. The report cites the successes in the field of computer vision as an example. For 18 months, the time for training machines to recognize objects has decreased from an hour to four minutes.
Investments in startups declined
However, there are fewer developers and startups that received investment. In 2017, investments were distributed among 4 thousand, and last year less than a thousand companies received them.
This is due to the fact that the AI industry itself has become more mature. Now small technology projects have begun to be eliminated, and large and stable companies are receiving funding in this area.
Investments are divided among themselves by the second - the dominant players in the market. In addition, due to the pandemic, investors were primarily interested in developments in the field of medicine, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.
Investments in AI for medicine have grown
Developments with AI for creating medicines, includingAmong those used in the treatment of people infected with Covid, vaccines, technologies to fight cancer and other pharmaceutical and medical products received the largest amount of private investment in 2020 - more than $13.8 billion.
This is 4.5 times more than in 2019. They are followed in the list by developers of self-driving vehicles ($ 4.5 billion) and educational products with AI ($ 4.1 billion).
AI has become less likely to make mistakes
One example of AI progress is the GPT-3 language neural network model. It allows you to create large texts - it generates them based on 175 billion parameters.
You can see how she copes atexample of this experiment. The editor of The Guardian commissioned GPT-3 to write a nearly 500-word column on "why people shouldn't be afraid of artificial intelligence."
AI models have become more accurate and smarter. In January of this year, the Google Brain team's system was able to achieve 90.2% accuracy. For some simple tasks of visual recognition, the AI accuracy can be 99%.
In a competition in the ImageNet competition for one task, where it was required to mark pictures by class, in 2012 the best algorithms made four mistakes out of 10 attempts, in 2020 - one.
The threat of unemployment due to the growth of the number of AI
With such a rapid development of algorithms,the question of the negative consequences of automation. It all depends on the region, MIT professor Eric Brinolfsson, one of the authors of the report, told Gizmodo.
I think a lot of workers will be killedplaces and new ones will be created, but probably for other people and in other areas. Developing countries are likely to suffer the most: they are the ones most dependent on low-wage jobs.
Erik Brynjolfsson, professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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