Artificial languages
Artificial languages are specialized languages in which vocabulary, phonetics, and
Reasons for creating an artificial languageare: facilitating human communication (international auxiliary languages, codes), giving additional realism to fiction, linguistic experiments, ensuring communication in the fictional world, language games and having fun.
Classification of artificial languages
There are the following types of artificial languages:
- Programming languages and computer languages - languages for automatic processing of information using a computer.
- Information languages are languages used in various information processing systems.
- Formalized languages of science are languages intended for symbolic recording of scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.
- International auxiliary languages (planned) - languages created from elements of natural languages and offered as an auxiliary means of interethnic communication.
- Languages of non-existent peoples created for fictional or entertainment purposes, for example, the Elvish language, invented by J. S. Smith.Tolkien, the Klingon language coined by Mark Okrand for a fantasy seriesStar Trek, the Na'vi language created for the movie "Avatar".
- There are also languages that have been specifically designed to communicate with extraterrestrial intelligence. For example - linkos.
According to the purpose of creation, artificial languages can be divided into the following groups:
- PhilosophicalAndlogical languages— languages that have a clear logical structure of word formation and syntax: lojban, tokipona, ilaksh.
- Supporting languages– intended for practical communication: Esperanto, Interlingua, Inter-Slavic language, Lingua franca nova, Venusian language
- Artisticoraesthetic languagesCreated for creative and aesthetic pleasure: Quenya and other fictional languages.
- Languages for setting up an experiment, for example, to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (that the language spoken by a person limits consciousness, drives it into a certain framework).
By their structure, artificial language projects can be divided into the following groups:
- A priori languages– on the basis of logical or empirical classifications of concepts: loglan, lojban, ro, solresol, ifkuil, ilaksh.
- A posteriori languages— languages built mainly on the basis of international vocabulary: interlingua, occidental
- Mixed languagesWords and word formation are partly borrowed from non-artificial languages, partly created on the basis of artificially invented words and word-forming elements: Volapük, Ido, Esperanto, Neo.
According to the degree of practical use, artificial languages are divided into the following projects:
- Widely used languages:ido, interlingua, esperanto, inter-slavic. Such languages, like national languages, are called "socialized"; among artificial languages they are united under the term planned languages.
- Artificial language projects that have a number of supporters, for example, Loglan (and its descendant Lojban), Slovio and others.
- Languages that have a single native speaker - the author of the language (for this reason, it is more correct to call them "linguistic projects" rather than languages).
Joint artificial languages
The Talos language, the cultural basis for the virtual state known as Talossa, was created in 1979.However, as interest in the Talos language grew, the Committee began to develop guidelines and rules for the language in 1983on the use of the Talos language, as well as other independent organizations of enthusiasts.
The Villnian language is based on Latin, Greek andScandinavian languages. Its syntax and grammar are reminiscent of Chinese. The basic elements of this artificial language were created by one author, and its vocabulary was expanded by members of the Internet community.
Most artificial languages are created by onea person like Talos. But there are languages that are created by a group of people, such as Interlingua, developed by the International Auxiliary Language Association, and Lojban, created by the Logical Language Group.
Collaborative development of artificial languages has become common in recent years, as artificial language designers have begun to use internet-based tools to coordinate design developments.NGL/Tokcir was one of the first Internet-based collaborative designed languages, with developers using a mailing list to discuss and vote on grammatical and lexical design issues.
Later, The Demos IAL Project developed the International Auxiliary Language using similar collaborative methods.The Voksigid and Novial 98 languages were developed using mailing lists, but neither was published in their final form.
New artificial languages
- Volapyuk
It is an international artificial socialized language created in 1879 by the German Catholic priest Johann Martin Schleyer. The variantVolapüka, reformed by Ari de Jong in 1929 and introduced to the general public in 1931.
Most of the roots in Volapük are taken from English and French, but have been rearranged to meet the constraints on the composition of phonemes and the structure of the root in Volapük, as well as to avoid homonymy (coincidence with existing roots).
In addition, Schleyer sought to make the vocabulary of Volapük independent, devoid of the imprints of the source languages.As a result, many of the roots became radically, sometimes beyond recognition, different from theFor example, Englishworld("the world") andspeak("to speak") have becomevolAndpükthat gave the name to the new language.
- Mezhslavyansky
Auxiliary common Slavic language basedon the linguistic material of Old Slavic and living Slavic languages, intended for communication between their speakers, and, therefore, with its help, one can communicate without using separate Slavic national languages.
The Inter-Slavic language can be classified as a naturalistic artificial language.In fact, it is a modern functional continuation of the Old Church Slavonic language, focused on understanding without prior study by a native speaker of any of the languages of the Slavic group.
The grammar and vocabulary are based on constructions common to the Slavic languages,simplified grammar with a minimum of exceptions, which allows a Slavic speaker (Slavonophone) to easily master this language.
Created primarily to helptravelers and people to communicate personally and via the Internet without translating the text into several languages, which allows a person to speak and write clearly for speakers of almost any of the living Slavic languages, as well as to better understand texts in other Slavic languages.
- Esperanto
It is the most widely spoken planned language, created by the Warsaw linguist and ophthalmologist Lazar (Ludwik) Markowicz Zamenhof in 1887, after ten yearsBy 1878, his "Lingwe uniwersala" project was almost complete.On December 17, Zamenhof and his gymnasium friends celebrated the creation of the language.
Esperanto is meant to be universalinternational language, the second (after the native) for every educated person. The use of a neutral (non-ethnic) and easy-to-learn language could bring interlanguage contacts to a qualitatively new level. In addition, Esperanto has great pedagogical (propaedeutic) value, that is, it greatly facilitates the subsequent study of other languages.
On one of the most popular sites for learning Esperanto - lernu.net - as of May 17, 2018, there are 272,622 registered participants.
- Blissymbols
Blissymbolica or Bliss - internationala semantic language system consisting of several hundred basic graphic symbols and capable of replacing any natural and artificial language in writing. Each bliss symbol represents a concept; when combined together, bliss symbols can create new symbols that represent new concepts.
Blissymbolica differs from most major world writing systems in that the symbols do not correspond at all to any sounds used in human speech.
As the "tourist boom" took place in the 1960s, many researchers searched for new standard symbols that could be used as signage on roads, train stations, airports, etc.From that time on,BlissymbolsHer real name was fixed to eliminate anyone's illegal plagiarism.
- Lingua de planet
It is an artificial language that belongs to the category of planned and a posteriori.in 2006 in St. Petersburg by a group of enthusiasts led by Dmitry Ivanov, and the basic version was published in 2010.The language was based on the most influential languages of the planet at the beginning of the 21st century: English, Arabic, Chinese, German, Russian, French, Hindi, etc.D.
The idea of the authors was to create a harmonious wholebased on the most common and influential national languages of the planet. As a consequence of the main idea, both the dictionary and the grammar of the language contain a significant number of non-European word roots. According to these characteristics, Ledepla belongs to the Mirlang class. In general, the language was created so that a significant part of the world's population could find in it elements of similarity to their native language.
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